At 08:28 PM 4/6/97 -0400, Barna Bozoki wrote:

<snip>
>  "One of the first Hungarians to travel in North America was Stephen
>Parmenius of Buda, chief chronicler and historian for the expedition of Sir
>Humphrey Gilbert. Parmenius landed on the shores of Newfoundland in 1583.
>The young Hungarian humanist then wrote one of the earliest and most
>detailed accounts of the land that would become Canada."

This is very interesting.  Do you have any data on Hungarians who stayed?
When did the first Hungarians settle in the new world?

Joe Szalai

In article >, Joe Szalai
> writes:

>Subject:       The First Hungarians in America
>From:  Joe Szalai >
>Date:  Sun, 6 Apr 1997 19:34:53 -0400
>
>In "A vad nyugat", Sam Stowe mentions that Janos Xantus arrived in the
>United States in the mid 1850's.  That's quite impressive.
>
>When did the first Hungarians come to Canada or the United States?  And
>what about Australia?  Does anyone know the first recorded dates that
>Hungarians arrived in these new countries?
>
>Joe Szalai

Lengyel and Szeplaki both mention a "Tyrker" who sailed with Leif Ericsson to
Vinland. They offer some elaborate theory of how Tyrker was, in fact, a Magyar.
Sounds apocryphal to me, but who knows?
Barna stepped up to the plate to round out Janos Xantus's life story. Perhaps
he can take a swing at this one, too. It is an interesting question.
Sam Stowe

"As Bob is my witless..."
-- Angelica Pickles, "Rugrats"

In article >, Barnabas Bozoki
> writes:

>Subject:       Re: A vad nyugat
>From:  Barnabas Bozoki >
>Date:  Sun, 6 Apr 1997 19:52:03 -0400
>
>On Sun, 6 Apr 1997, Sam Stowe wrote this about Janos Xantus:
>
>>In his last months, he made his way back to Pest where he died in
>>obscurity.
>
>This is not true, unless we consider 23 years as his "last months", and
>having buried in the Kerepesi cemetery next to Ferenc Deak is "obscurity".
>Below, I copied a description of Xantus's last 23 years in Hungary from a
>book by Henry Miller Madden, entitled "Xantus Hungarian Naturalist in the
>Pioneer West", Palo Alto, Books of the West, 1949. I did not copy the
>footnote references.
>
>Barna Bozoki
>
>----- a quote from the book --

<sznip>

>
>  In the middle eighteen-eighties Xantus lost his energy and courage, and
>declined mentally. He was kept in a private asylum oblivious of the
>activities of the capital. To recuperate from an attack of pneumonia he was
>taken by his wife in April 1894 to Volosca on the Adriatic, whence he
>returned to his home in the Damjanich Utca in Budapest in July. His
>condition became worse, and on 13 December 1894 he died at his home. He was
>buried in a plot provided by the municipality of Budapest as a mark of
>honor in the Kerepesi Cemetery, opposite the mausoleum of Ferenc Deak.[14]"
>
>------ end of quote  ---

Thanks, Barna. The whole story would make a great movie. I wonder why Lengyel
and Szeplaki have Xantus dying shortly after his return to Pest? Szeplaki, from
what I can tell, relied heavily on
Lengyel's account. I'd love to know whether Xantus's grave is marked and, if
so, does it mention his work in the U.S.? This is a man whose story needs to be
told to a much wider audience here in the
U.S.

Here's a few more references on Xantus:
1)John Xantus, the Fort Tejon Letters, 1857-59; Ann Zwinger, ed.; Tucson:
University of Arizona Press, 1986.
2)Travels in Southern California; John Xantus; Theodore Schoenman and Helen
Benedek Schoenman, translators and eds.; Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1976.
3) Letters from North America; John Xantus; Theodore Schoenman and Helen
Benedek Schoenman, translators and eds.; Detroit: Wayne State University Press,
1975.
4) Audubon to Xantus: The lives of those commemorated in North American bird
names; Barbara and Richard Mearns; Dana Gardner London, illus.; San Diego:
Academic Press, 1992.
Sam Stowe

"As Bob is my witless..."
-- Angelica Pickles, "Rugrats"

aheringer wrote:
<snip

> Velemenyem szerint azonban, ha mindenfele gorombasagot vagunk
> a pasas fejehez, azzal nem fogjuk meggyozni arrol, hogy hulyesegeket
> beszel.
> Agnes

Pontosan.
Es pontosan ez a listak egyik koezponti problemaja : tul sokan azt
hiszik, hogy annal meggyoezoebbek, minnel erelyesebbk, nyomatekosabbak,
neha aggresszivak vagy tragarok. Pedig ez nem meggyoez, hanem csak
aggressziot valt ki...
egy 56os

S or G Farkas wrote:
>
> >From the Press Police section of the Romanian satirical weekly Academia
> Catavencu:
>
> Publication incriminated: the daily Adevarul (The Truth)  of Tuesday, March 2
5
>
> The article says: "To be able to read the bilingual signs, Romanians in over
> 1300 towns and villages will have to learn Hungarian".
>
> The crime: The extreme pro-Hungarianism of the editors of this daily is
> leading to an unprecedented ridicule of  the Romanians, sustaining that they
> will have to learn Hungarian, because they cannot read the Romanian part of
> the signs.
>
> Penalty: the authors are invited for education in a re-education school of
> bilingualism, where they will learn to decipher inscriptions like str.
> Scolii/Iskola utca and other inscriptions like Chebab/Kebab, Fast Food, Hai
> s-o facem lata/Let's make things better and last but not least str.
> Ceausescu utca and Pravda/Adevarul.
>
> Translated by
>
> Gabor D. Farkas
La multi ani!

Barnabas Bozoki ) wrote:
: On Sun, 6 Apr 1997, AND Books wrote:

: > friend or foe, Koreh Ferenc passed away on April 1st in Engelwood NJ after
a
: > loong physical and mental suffering...
: >
: Janos, please give us a short description of the life of Ferenc Koreh.

: Barna Bozoki

Barni,

Frank was one of those displaced Hungarians who busted his being to someday
see a free hungary... i am *not* the keeper of biographies, he was a true
believer in the Eric Hoffer tradition... he did several gigs with Radio Free
Europe for several decades, he was politically active pushing the '56 Freedom
Fighters, he helped alot of folks. Then he got slammed for being alive at the
wrong time/wrong place... see Hungarian history circa 1939-44, where who did
what to whom and why (hints include Horty, Szalai, Eszterhas, Nagy, Tibor,
Aaron, Wass, Fury etc... not an inclusive list)...

The simple fact is that he is gone. dead. outa-here. and that he *was* a
positive influence on hungarian/amerikan culture.. a very good person who did
his best to promulgate hungarian culture....

feel free to write me direct for more info bout this great hungarian who bit
the dust...

janos


--

Dear Colleagues,

Todays article by Paul Lewis gives us an excellent opportunity to bring the
Danube lawsuit to the attantion of not only the readers of the NYTimes, but
also to the 53 UN delegations now meeting in New York on the 5th anniversary
of Rio.

Please DO NOT COPY the attached letter of mine, but please do write your own,
because the more letters they receive, the likely it is that they will
publish one.

Best regards: Bela Liptak

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
The New York Times
229 W. 43rd St., N.Y.C. 10036
(Fax: 212-556-3622)

To the Editor,

Paul Lewis reports (4/7/97) that on the fifth anniversary of the Rio Earth
Summit the United Nations is initiating new plans to "protect the world's
fresh water resources" including the 800 rivers, which cross national
borders. He correctly states that what is needed "is better enforcement of
existing laws."

Today, the first international environmental lawsuit is in progress at the
World Court in The Hague. It involves the Danube, the border river with
Hungary, which Slovakia unilaterally diverted onto its own territory, thereby
endangering the drinking water supplies and devastating the unique wetland
ecosystem of the only inland sea delta of Europe.

The court will set a precedent by ruling on the relative importance of the
law of treaties and the law of the environment. Slovakia argues that the
joint construction treaty signed in 1977 by two militarily occupied nations
(one of which, Czechoslovakia, no longer exists) is more important than are
environmental impact assessments or the views expressed at the Rio Earth
Summit.

The court, under the leadership of its new American president, Stephen
Schwebel has already established two precedents. The first was when the court
accepted a coalition of nine international NGOs (Greenpeace, Human Rights
Advocates, International Rivers Network, Natural Heritage Institute, REFLEX,
Sierra Club, Slovak Rivers Network, SZOPK, WWF ) as the friends of the court.
Today the court is considering the argument of these NGOs,  that the natural
treasures of this planet are not the sole property of national governments,
but also belong to and therefore should be protected by all of mankind. The
court set its second precedent, when it visited the Island Region
(Szigetkoz), where there are no islands left, because the Danube been moved
into a concrete sealed canal.

It is hoped that in the fall, the court will set a third precedent by ruling
that the age of Stalinist gigantomania is over and the Danube must be
returned into its natural riverbed. If that happens, Mr. Lewis's point will
become very important: "enforcement of existing laws" will be needed and one
hopes that the 53 countries now meeting at the UN will set yet another
precedent by formulating the required international mechanisms for enforcing
that ruling. If they do, we will have made the first step towards globalised
environmental protection in the 21st Century.





Bela Liptak
Stamford, CT , Tel: 203-357-7614
The writer is the editor of the Environmental Engineers' Handbook

At 10:04 AM 4/7/97 +0200, you wrote:

>S or G Farkas wrote:

>>
>> Penalty: the authors are invited for education in a re-education school of
>> bilingualism, where they will learn to decipher inscriptions like str.
>> Scolii/Iskola utca and other inscriptions like Chebab/Kebab, Fast Food, Hai
>> s-o facem lata/Let's make things better and last but not least str.
>> Ceausescu utca and Pravda/Adevarul.
>>
>> Translated by
>>
>> Gabor D. Farkas

>La multi ani!

Miklos.... you mean?....oh,noooo, the Transylvanians are taking over the
Net!.....

Numai bune, :-)

Bandi (egy nagyvaradi)

Tisztelt Szerkesztoseg!

Csodalkozva olvastam tegnapi cikkuket, mely ugy allitja be a hagai birosag
elotti dontest, mintha a biraknak ket rossz kozott kellene valasztaniuk,
mintha a Szigetkoz (szazadforduloi allapotanak) helyreallitasa es a
Dunakiliti-Gonyu kozotti bosi oldalcsatorna fenntartasa kizarnak egymast.

Fenti allitasukbol arra kovetkeztetek, hogy nem ismerik sem az 9 nemzetkozi
NGO kozos hagai beadvanyat (melyet a birosag elfogadott!), sem a Kiegyezesi
Tervet, mely eppen azt biztositja, amit az Onok cikkiroja lehetetlennek tart.
Ezert mellekelem azt.

Liptak Bela, Az USA Kornyezetvedelmi Mernoki Kezikonyvenek szerkesztoje
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A Kiegyezés Nem Kompromisszum! 

Mielött ismertetném a  Kiegyezési Tervet , melyet Pozsonyban, Budapesten,
Washingtonban, Prágában és Brüsszelben már sokan ismernek és támogatnak, a
tervet mely helyreallitana a szigetközi csopdavilág XIX-ik századi állapotát,
had írjak pár szót a domokrácia alapelvérol: az érdekek egyeztetésérol.
      Mindenki tudja, hogy nemet mondani könnyu! Nem oda figyelni a másik
érveire, a végtelenségig ismételgetni a magunk szempontjait, egyszóval süket
papagályokként vitatkozni nagyon könnyu. Ezt teszi az osszes demagog
politikus. A felnott, a demokratikus társadalmat az teszi azzá ami, hogy
képes meghallani, megérteni a másik igazát is és képes a másik érdekeit úgy
figyelembe venni, hogy közben a maga elveibol semmit fel ne adjon. Ez már nem
olyan könnyu  feladat, ez kulonbozteti meg az allamferfiakat a
politikusoktol! Azért érdemelte ki Deák Ferenc, a  Haza Bölcse  jelzot, mert
kepes volt alku nélkül kiegyezni. Es azért tartott 10 évig a Duna
visszaterelésére vonatkozó Kiegyezsési Terv megalkotása, mert az semmit fel
nem ad, semmiben meg nem alkuszik es mégis biztosítja az összes érdekelt fél
jogos követeléseit.
      A Kiegyezási Terv kivitelezési ideje egy-masfel ev, összköltsége $120 -
150 millió es öt munka-feladat elvégzésébol áll, melyek közul a középso három
egymással pár huzamosan, egyidoben végezheto:
      1) A dunacsúni mederzár felnyitasa, melynek révén a Duna visszatér
eredeti medrébe es az oldalcsatorna átmenetileg kiürül (1 hónap).
      2) A bosi eromu es az üzemvízcsatorna helyreállítása, jeg es foldrenges
biztossa tetele és a medermélyülés megszüntetése az eromu alatti
alvízcsatorna szigetelése révén (6-8 hónap).
      3) Dunakilitinél új hajó-zsilip és áramtermelo  turbinák beépítése,
illetve az eromu  alatti szakasz medermélyülés elleni szigetelése (8 hónap).
      4) Az öreg-Duna teljes szigetközi szakaszának (Dunakiliti alatt)
mederszukítéssel való duzzasztása, s a beszukített folyómeder gátjainak
megemelése es igy a tározó (Duna tó) felszámolása. A gátemeléshez, illetve a
mederszukítéshez szükséges anyagot a lebontott C-variáns építményei adjak es
a teljes munka 12 hónapig tartana.
    5) Az átépítés fenti fázisainak befejezte után történne a dunakilitii
eromu beindítása és az oldalcsatorna illetve a bosi eromu  újbóli üzembe
helyezése. 
      A fenti munkalépések elvégzésével megvalósúlna a Kiegyezési Terv, mely
az érdekelt feleknek a következoket biztosítaná:
 
SZLOVAKIA: A vilag tobbe nem tartana "torvenytelen orszagnak," kinyilnanak
Europa es a NATO kapui. Igaz, hogy alacsony vizallas idejen a bosi hajozasi
oldalcsatorna allovizu lenne, de magas vizallaskor viszont Szlovakia megkapna
a teljes bosi aramtermelest. Ezen kivul, a tarozo-to felszamolasaval
megszunne az az arvizveszely, melyet a vizzel tele tartott arter jelent es az
atepites reven biztonsagossa valna az eromu is, mikozben megmaradna a
pozsonyi kikoto is.

MAGYARORSZAG: Visszanyerne hatarfolyojat es Dunakilitinel nem csak a
vizelosztas csapjat, de az ott termelt aramot is. Megszunne az angol
WC-sitett Duna okozta veszely, megmenekulne nem csak Helemba szigete,
Esztergom, a Dunakanyar, de unokaink ivovize is.

NEMETORSZAG, AUSZTRIA: Javulna a hajozas, mert az evenaltal uzemelo
oldalcsatorna mellett a mederszukites reven a Duna termeszetes medre is
hajozhatova valna es Dunakilitinel megepulne egy masodik hajozsilip is.

EUROPA, USA: Bizonyitast nyerne, hogy mukodokepes a nemzetkozi jog
eroszakmentes alkalmazasara alapozott "uj vilagrend," hogy nem csak a
"Boszniakert",  de a bekes megoldasokert is hajlando anyagi aldozatot
vallalni Brusszel is es Washington is.

A VILAG: Jogi precedens szuletne arra, hogy Europa egyetlen szarazfoldi
tenger-deltajanak elovilaga nem allamok es kormanyok tulajdona, hanem az
egesz emberiseg kozos  kincse. Visszaterne 19-ik szazadi allapotaba az utolso
jegkorszak ota fentmaradt szigetkozi elovilag, visszaterne a bubos hattyu,
kanalas gem es a kerencser solyom (a turul madar), megmenekulne az osszolo es
a tuzililiom.

A TERSEG: A terseg lakoinak nem csak ivovize es mezogazdasaga menekulne meg,
de a munkaalkalmak ezreihez jutnanak ugy az epitkezes folyaman, mint kesobb,
mikor Europa legnagyobb eco-turista kozpontjava valna az az "Europai Szabad
Zona"-nak javasolt terseg Hainburg es Gonyu kozott, mely egyben a megbekeles
es az osszetartozasi tudat kialakulasanak is katalizatora lehet majd az egesz
tervegben.

****************** CALL FOR ACTION ****************

Priority:      URGENT

Background:
  Hungary's position in the Danube lawsuit at the International Court
of Justice in The Hague is very promising. However, even if the court
rules in favour for the environment it is possible that the Slovak
government does not accept the sentence.
  It is important that influential politicians of USA support our
position, since in this case Slovakia probably does not dare to reject
the decision of the court.

What to do:
  Please help to persuade Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to
make a statement in favor of the Danube. Feel free to use the attached
form letters (letter #1 for Americans, letter #2 for non-Americans).
   IT IS IMPORTANT THAT ALBRIGHT FINDS THOUSANDS OF LETTERS IN HER
MAILBOX.
  PLEASE ACT!! Please SEND EVEN SNAIL MAILS. These are more effective.
FURTHERMORE SEND COPIES OF YOUR LETTER TO:
    Executive Assistant, Maura Harty
    Special Assistant, Carlene Ackerman
    Senior Advisor, Robert O. Boorstin (Room 7246)
    Assistant Secretary for Oceans, & International Environmental and
Scientific Affairs Bureau, Eileen B. Claussen (Room 7831)

address:
United States Secretary of State
U.S. Department of State
2201 C Street, NW
Washington, DC  20520

e-mail address of Madeleine Albright:


*************************************************************

<date>

The Honorable Madeleine Albright
United States Secretary of State
United States Department of State
Washington, DC 20520
( E-Mail:  )

RE: First Environmental Lawsuit (Danube) in The Hague

Dear Madame Secretary,

Please accept my congratulations on your well-deserved appointment. I
do hope that your leadership will contribute to progress and
stability in Central Europe.

Madame Secretary, you now have a great opportunity to set a new tone
for American policy in connection with international environmental
standards in general and with the Danube lawsuit in particular,
which is in progress at the International Court of Justice in the
Hague. This new tone would be consistent with the US policy of
expanding Western structures to Central and Eastern Europe, and to
engage the US more actively in helping resolve emerging inter-country
conflicts in the Region by (i) urging your West European partners to
assist more pro-actively; and (ii) calling on both parties (Hungary
and Slovakia) to accept the Compromise Plan prepared by the
environmental NGOs and thereby cooperate in the quest for a solution
that can set an example for the future.

Your help in resolving the Danube problem would also be consistent
with the present US policy based on a global approach to
environmental issues and on seeking to mobilize all relevant
political (multilateral, international, non-governmental and civic
society) forces to assist in avoiding environmental catastrophes
caused by bilateral agreements that had been drawn up by
non-representative governments under a regional policy framework
which was imposed by Moscow.

This, the first international environmental lawsuit in human
history, also involves the United States, because it was the Paris
Peace Treaty which set the border between Czechoslovakia and Hungary
and it was that  Treaty which named the Great Powers as the
guarantors of the integrity of the two nation's territories. The
Treaty also stated that the two nations DO NOT have the right to
change their border, unless the Great Powers first approve of the
change. Yet in 1977, under Soviet direction, the two nations signed a
contract to move the Danube, previously their border river, into an
artificial canal on Slovak territory. In doing this they did not ask,
nor did they receive, the approval of the Great Powers. Therefore the
 Moscow initiated 1977 Contract was and is INHERENTLY INVALID, and
the Danube must be returned into its riverbed.

Madame Secretary. There is little question that in October the
International Court of Justice will order Slovakia to return the
Danube into its natural riverbed and will also order the restoration
of the Szigetkoz wetlands. But, as you know, the ICJ has no powers to
enforce its rulings. Therefore, it will be up to the international
community to force Slovakia to obey the ruling. This being the first
international environmental lawsuit before the ICJ, the outcome will
establish an important precedent. The Slovak Government must
understand that there is a price to be paid for being admitted into
the European Community or into NATO. That price must include the
respect for international law. A statement by you would guarantee
that the Slovak Government understands this. Please make that
statement.


Respectfully yours,

<Your name, address, title>

On Apr 6, 10:41pm, Joe Szalai wrote:
> Subject: Re: The First Hungarians in America
> At 08:28 PM 4/6/97 -0400, Barna Bozoki wrote:
>
> <snip>
> >  "One of the first Hungarians to travel in North America was Stephen
> >Parmenius of Buda, chief chronicler and historian for the expedition of Sir
> >Humphrey Gilbert. Parmenius landed on the shores of Newfoundland in 1583.
> >The young Hungarian humanist then wrote one of the earliest and most
> >detailed accounts of the land that would become Canada."
>
> This is very interesting.  Do you have any data on Hungarians who stayed?
> When did the first Hungarians settle in the new world?
>
> Joe Szalai
>-- End of excerpt from Joe Szalai

Until the political exiles of 1848 no groups of Hungarians settled in North
America. Only individuals came to the New  World, such as Tryker who is
believed to  have accompanied Lief Erikson!!  Stephen Parmenius of Buda, who
died while on an expedition off New Foundland, Col. Kovats of Revolutionary War
fame, Agoston haraszthy of California wine fame, the afore mentioned Janos
Xanthus and a few others.  An attempt was made to found a Hungarian settlement
at New Buda , Iowa in the 1850's but it soon dispersed. it was not until the
great waves of immigration which began in the 1880's that Hungarians came to
Nort America to found settlements. In such diverse places as Eszterhazy,
Canada, the mining and manufacturing centers of the U.S. east and midwest and
as far afield as Louisiana.

This material has been covered by Julianna Puskas, Odon Vasvary, Geza kende,
and others.  My bibliography is extensive.

Bob Hosh

On Mon, 7 Apr 1997, Sam Stowe wrote:
>
> Lengyel and Szeplaki both mention a "Tyrker" who sailed with Leif Ericsson to
> Vinland. They offer some elaborate theory of how Tyrker was, in fact, a
 Magyar.
> Sounds apocryphal to me, but who knows?
> Barna stepped up to the plate to round out Janos Xantus's life story. Perhaps
> he can take a swing at this one, too. It is an interesting question.
> Sam Stowe

Jeno Pivany in 1909 in the "Szazadok" periodical wrote an article entitled
"Magyar volt-e a Heiskringla Tyrker-je?". Here he analyzed the Icelandic
Heinskringla saga. He concluded that in the company of Leif Norman chief
Tyrker did rich North America around 1000, and he was probably Hungarian.
(Vasva'ry O:do:n: Magyar Amerika, Szeged, 1988.)

This is all I have in my sources at home. In the wonderful library in
the Toronto Hungarian House, I am sure there is a lot more about him.

Barna Bozoki

Andrew J. Rozsa wrote:
>
> At 10:04 AM 4/7/97 +0200, you wrote:
>
> >S or G Farkas wrote:
>
> >>
> >> Penalty: the authors are invited for education in a re-education school of
> >> bilingualism, where they will learn to decipher inscriptions like str.
> >> Scolii/Iskola utca and other inscriptions like Chebab/Kebab, Fast Food, Ha
i
> >> s-o facem lata/Let's make things better and last but not least str.
> >> Ceausescu utca and Pravda/Adevarul.
> >>
> >> Translated by
> >>
> >> Gabor D. Farkas
>
> >La multi ani!
>
> Miklos.... you mean?....oh,noooo, the Transylvanians are taking over the
> Net!.....
>
> Numai bune, :-)
>
> Bandi (egy nagyvaradi)
Bine ai venit, frate!
Eu am trait in Carei si Satu Mare pina 451. Dar eu am
uitat prea, prea mult si - regretibil - nu mai vorbesc
romaneste.
Miklos

Bela Liptak wrote:
>
> Tisztelt Szerkesztoseg!
>
> Csodalkozva olvastam tegnapi cikkuket, mely ugy allitja be a hagai birosag

Bocs4, melyik szerkesztoesegroel volt szo?
Uedv
Miklos

Dear fellow-listmembers,

The latin account of his voyages that Parmenius wrote was published
in an edition with introduction and biographical details by McGill-
Queen's Press some years back with the title "The New Found Land of
Stephan Parmenius."

Sincerely,

Hugh Agnew

On Mon, 7 Apr 1997, Bob Hosh wrote:
>
> Until the political exiles of 1848 no groups of Hungarians settled in North
> America. Only individuals came to the New  World, such as Tryker who is
> believed to  have accompanied Lief Erikson!!  Stephen Parmenius of Buda, who
> died while on an expedition off New Foundland, Col. Kovats of Revolutionary
 War
> fame, Agoston haraszthy of California wine fame, the afore mentioned Janos
> Xanthus and a few others.

This is the impression I got also from what I read. Only in the Hungarian
Heritage Review (Jan. 1990) Dr. R. Vladimir Baumgarten in an article "From
Newport to Yorktown: Hungarian Hussars in the American Revolution" there
is suggestion that there were more than a few individuals who came with
Col. Kovats. He says that in Duc de Lauson's International legion the
overwhelming majority of the hussars were Hungarians. Most of these were
refugees from Rakoczi's defeated army. I wonder what happened to them,
returned to Europe? Died? Melted into the pot?

> This material has been covered by Julianna Puskas, Odon Vasvary, Geza kende,
> and others.  My bibliography is extensive.

Indeed, there is quite a list of references one could collect, but some are
hard to find. The following are readily available in Canada from just about
any library:

Dreisziger, N. F. (Nandor F.). Struggle and hope: the Hungarian-Canadian
   experience. 1982.

Kovacs, Martin Louis, 1918. Esterhazy and early Hungarian immigration to
   Canada: a study based upon the Esterhazy immigration pamphlet. 1974.

Also the previously mentioned Vol. 2 No.2-3 of the Polyphony (not Polypony
as I erroneously wrote it)

Barna Bozoki